Level: C1
Exam: C1 Advanced
Reading Vocabulary
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- C1 Advanced (CAE): Vocabulary Tips
- C1 Advanced (CAE): Vocabulary List
- C1 Advanced (CAE): Vocabulary List - Download PDF
Having a good knowledge of diverse English vocabulary is very important for doing well in the C1 Advancedexam. Therefore, more of your time should be spent on improving your vocabulary.
In the exam, you will find exercises on commonly known topics, however, the CAE vocabulary will be more advanced (less general, more specialized or scientific) than it was in the FCE exam.
In addition to common topics, you will also find exercises on topics which are not typical (e.g. “development of artificial intelligence, restoration of the bear species, the beauty of painting”). This means you need to read and improve your English vocabulary on a wide variety of topics.
C1 Advanced (CAE): Vocabulary Tips
Tip 1: Read, read and read again
First of all, to have a good knowledge of English vocabulary, you need to read a lot. And, then, you need to read more and more… 🙂
Reading is an extremely important part of solidly building and improving your CAE vocabulary. Not only will you learn new words by reading, but your mind will also be constantly working, trying to identify the meaning of words based on context.
Therefore, read as much as you can and use various sources of information.Reading newspapers, magazines, academic texts, blogs in English and other print material will introduce you to new words.
What if you don’t like reading?
See Also
C1 Advanced preparation | Cambridge EnglishC1 Advanced | Cambridge English230 Advanced (CAE) Key Word Transformations C1 - Breakout EnglishB2/C1 English Vocabulary Organiser - Ready4CambridgeDon’t worry, you can always listen to audiobooks and podcasts on different subjects.
There are many places with interesting videos where professionals present materials on many different topics, for example:
If you don’t understand everything, use the transcript and a dictionary.
Tip 2: Learn Roots
To build a strong foundation for your CAE vocabulary, it’s helpful to understand the roots of words. Most words in the English language originate from either Latin or Greek.
By finding the origin of a word and its original meaning, it is much easier to remember them in the long run, and also to quickly understand new ones. Once you learn a root, you’ll begin to understand more words that use the same root.
Rest assured that this is actually one of the most effective ways that you learn.
Tip 3: Research the meanings of words
If you want to expand your CAE vocabulary, you should buy an English-English dictionary and thesaurus.
In the English-English dictionary, you will usually find examples of sentences showing how to use the word in everyday situations. Giving context will help you remember the word better.
Dictionaries also provide the origin of words, the so-called “root”. This information will help you help you understand the meaning of other words with the same root.
Meanwhile, the thesaurus is a great tool that allows you to see how you can replace a word you know with other words that have the same meaning. This can be especially useful when writing your CAE essay. You will avoid repetitions that may lower your score.
Thanks to technology, we can always have access to a dictionary or thesaurus. Download the online versions to your computer or phone and use them when you have doubts about the meaning of a word.
Tip 4: Create associations
To remember new words better, you can use memorising techniques. You should try to find some patterns and use appropriate mnemonics so that you can remember the connections between words more effectively.
- Associations can help you remember specific words and phrases. For example, the word “gargantuan” means very big. Try to create a sequence with this word, such as tiny, small, medium, large, giant and gargantuan. Making associations can help you remember the words you learn more easily.
- It is also worth grouping words with similar sounds and memorising several words at once. You can try to group words together by topic, common core, meaning, or origin. For example, the adjectives underpaid, full-time, and stressful can be grouped together because they are all work-related.
Tip 5: Play word games
When you learning new CAE vocabulary, don’t forget to have fun.
If learning English is just a burden for you, it will be boring and you will not achieve good results. Therefore, it is important to stay motivated and enjoy learning a new language. Find ways to add fun to your studies. For example, you can play word games with friends to improve your vocabulary and have fun.
There are many board games that are a great supplement to learning, but the most popular of them is Scrabble. To learn even more words, you can play with the English-English dictionary.
If you don’t like board games, you can always choose online games, countless of which can be found on the Internet.
Tip 6: Choose a variety of materials
Try to diversify what you read. Varying your reading choices can help you build a large base of diverse vocabulary. When you read about many topics, you expand your knowledge about different problems. The CAE exam may include very specialized topics, such as ecological energy sources or classical music. Therefore, you need to have extensive knowledge.
Additionally, each author has his own individual writing style and builds sentences in a specific way, so you will be able to see different patterns.
Below are some websites and resources for reading materials you can use:
Tip 7: Focus on specific CAE vocabulary topics
As already mentioned, it is quite difficult to predict what topics will be used in the C1 Advanced (CAE) exam. To do well in the CAE exam, you need to learn English vocabulary on various topics.
However, there is a certain group of topics that you can expect on the exam…
We suggest focusing especially on the topics listed below:
| The environment vocabulary connected to climate change, environmental hazards, animals and plants at risk of extinction, discoveries of new species etc.. | The arts vocabulary connected to famous painters or sculptors, classical music, modern art, dance, the most interesting writers and literature, etc. |
| Science vocabulary connected to the cosmos, the latest scientific discoveries, new theories, how scientists do research etc.. | Sports vocabulary connected to different types of sports, sports equipment, sports competitions, famous athletes |
| Health vocabulary connected to illnesses, new medical achievements, medical treatment, things to improve our health | Social issues vocabulary connected to problems in society, social change, economic conditions |
| Work vocabulary connected to how people do their jobs, work-related issues, unemployment | Business and economics vocabulary related to setting up companies, how companies operate, and economic growth |
| Psychology vocabulary related to stress, mental disorders and how our minds affect who we are | Inventions vocabulary related to the invention of things and the impact of inventions on society |
Tip 8: Skip irrelevant topics
There is a certain group of topics you won’t find used in the exam and you don’t have to learn the vocabulary for:
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The CAE exam must be universal because it is taken by both children and adults in different countries, so controversial topics are avoided.
Tip 9: Improve general vocabulary
In addition to expanding your knowledge of specific topics, you should also improve your general vocabulary, one that is not limited to one specific type of topic but can be used in almost any type of topic:
| Feelings expressions people use when they want to say how they feel physically or emotionally | Academic research words typically used by academics to explain their theories or how they conduct research – survey, indicate, hypothesis etc… |
| Opinions vocabulary usually used to express opinions on a given topic | Probability vocabulary that people use to express different probabilities of what will or will not happen |
| Linkers words and phrases which are used to connect sentences – e.g. besides, although, since | Phrasal verbs uses of phrasal verbs – e.g. come apart, get into, back out etc… |
Tip 10: Use Flashcards
To make it easier to remember new English words, you should make and use flashcards.
On one side of the flashcard, write a new word; on the other, write the definition in English or draw a picture associated with this word.
Remember to make your flashcards legible and understandable. It may be helpful to write them in a bold colour. Flashcards are an easy and effective way to memorize new English vocabulary.
Review your flashcards as often as possible: on the bus, during a break at work or at university, during a meal, etc. Thanks to this, you will easily acquire a large amount of vocabulary.
Tip 11: Keep a journal of new CAE vocabulary
It’s a great idea to keep a journal of your new vocabulary.
Every time you hear or see a word you’re not familiar with, note it down. Such a list will consolidate the newly learned words and encourage you to expand the list.
Always try to have a pen and notebook with you. Unless you prefer, keep a journal on your phone or computer. This will allow you to review or add new information whenever you learn a new word. But in fact, no matter what you choose, what matters is that you are systematic in keeping a journal.
Don’t only focus on the word itself, but you should also try to search for synonyms and phrases in which it’s used. When you write down new words, try to create a sentence for each of them. You will remember words better if you learn them in the right context.
C1 Advanced (CAE): Vocabulary List
Below you will find a sample vocabulary list divided into individual topics at the C1 level for the CAE exam.
You can also download a PDF at the very bottom of the article.
| ENVIRONMENT | |
|---|---|
| biodegradable | able to be broken down by living organisms such as bacteria, which is then safe for the environment |
| carbon-neutral | describing a state in which the carbon dioxide emission reaches zero or there is a balance between the amount of carbon dioxide emitted and absorbed |
| zero-emission | not producing gases harmful to the environment |
| crude | unprocessed and in raw form |
| ecological | related to the connection between animals, plants, and humans and their environment |
| free-range | related to a type of farming in which animals and birds can move around and eat freely, instead of being kept in a limited area |
| to contaminate | to make decayed leaves, plants, or other organic waste into a mixture that can improve the soil’s quality to help plants grow more quickly |
| to compost | when a place is covered with water |
| to dump | to get rid of waste material, particularly in an unorganized manner |
| to refine | to remove unwanted or harmful substances from another substance |
| to reuse | to use something once more, usually for a different purpose |
| conservationist | someone who makes efforts to protect the environment and wildlife from any type of harm |
| eco-anxiety | a feeling of great worry regarding the current and future state of the environment threatened by humans |
| disposal | the act of getting rid of waste material |
| dumper | a truck with a container that can elevate to unload waste material |
| logging | the act of cutting down trees to use their wood |
| carbon monoxide | an odorless, colorless, and poisonous gas that is produced from the burning of fossil fuels, which proves lethal in some cases |
| microplastic | very small plastic pieces in the environment that originate from personal care products, clothing, etc. and the degradation of other plastic products |
| pylon | a tall metal structure used for carrying high-voltage power lines above the ground |
| ozone layer | protective layer in the Earth’s atmosphere that protects from UV radiation |
| reactor | a large machine or structure used for producing nuclear energy |
| hydroelectricity | electricity that is produced from the power of water |
| solar cell | a device that converts the energy of the sun into electricity |
| sanctuary | an area for birds and animals to live and to be protected from dangerous conditions and being hunted |
| wildfire | a large fire that spreads fast and causes much destruction |
| tidal wave | a very large ocean wave caused by a storm or an underwater earthquake that when hits the land causes a lot of destruction |
| herbicide | a chemical substance that kills plants, used for destroying plants that are not wanted |
| pollutant | any substance that is harmful to the environment |
| to die out | to cease to exist or disappear completely |
| rot | the process of of being destroyed via natural causes |
| oil rig | a large facility used for drilling oil or gas from underground or under the sea |
| acid rain | rainfall made so acidic by atmospheric pollution that it causes environmental harm, chiefly to forests and lakes. |
| typhoon | a tropical storm in the region of the Indian or western Pacific oceans |
| disposal | the act or process of getting rid of something, especially by throwing it away |
| leach | with reference to a soluble chemical or mineral- drain away from soil, ash, or similar material by the action of percolating liquid, especially rainwater. |
| SCIENCE | |
|---|---|
| atomic | related to an atom or atoms |
| nucleus | (biology) the part of a cell that contains most of the genetic information |
| bond | a linking force that holds atoms or ions together in any molecule or crystal |
| charge | the physical property in matter that causes it to experience a force in an electromagnetic field |
| density | (physics) the degree to which a substance is compacted, measured by dividing its mass by its volume |
| gravity | (physics) the universal force of attraction between any pair of objects with mass |
| particle | (physics) any of the smallest units that energy or matter consists of, such as electrons, atoms, molecules, etc. |
| property | a feature or quality of something |
| instinct | a reaction or behaviour whose reason is innate, not a result of thinking |
| metabolism | the chemical processes through which food is changed into energy for the body to use |
| evolutionary | related to evolution or the slow and gradual development of something |
| organic | produced by or from or related to living things |
| evolution | (biology) the slow and gradual development of living things throughout the history of the earth |
| genome | the complete set of genetic material of any living thing |
| mutation | (biology) a change in the structure of the genes of an individual that causes them to develop different physical features |
| embryo | an unhatched or unborn offspring in the process of development, especially a human offspring roughly from the second to the eighth week after fertilization |
| hybrid | an animal or plant with parents that belong to different breeds or varieties |
| clone | a cell or a group of cells created through a natural or artificial process from a source that they are genetically identical to |
| to reproduce | (of a living being) to produce offspring or more of itself |
| stimulus | something that encourages an activity or causes a reaction in a person or thing |
| synthesis | the act of producing a substance that exists in living beings |
| to accelerate | to increase the velocity of something |
| to dissolve | (of a solid) to become one with a liquid |
| acid | a water-soluble chemical substance that contains Hydrogen and has a sour taste or corrosive feature with a PH less than 7 |
| aluminum | a light silver-gray metal used primarily for making cooking equipment and aircraft parts |
| copper | a metallic chemical element that has a red-brown color, primarily used as a conductor in wiring |
| lead | a heavy soft metal, used in making bullets, in plumbing and roofing, especially in the past |
| conductor | a substance that permits heat or electricity to pass through it or along it |
| crystal | a substance of small size and equal sides, formed naturally when turns to solid |
| gunpowder | a type of powder that is explosive, used in making bullets, bombs, etc. |
| dynamite | an explosive that is very powerful |
| composition | the different elements that form something or the arrangement of these elements |
| to emit | to release heat, light, sound, radiation, etc. |
| ray | a narrow beam of light, heat, or other form of energy |
| laser | a device that produces a powerful and concentrated beam of light that can be used in medical procedures, for cutting metal objects, etc. |
| magnet | an object that makes iron come toward it because of the magnetic field that it produces |
| thermal | referring to anything related to heat or temperature |
| to compress | to press two things together or be pressed together to become smaller |
| generator | a machine that produces electricity by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy |
| to evaporate | to become gas or vapour from liquid |
| vacuum | a space that is utterly devoid of matter |
| THE ARTS | |
|---|---|
| amateur | lacking skill or not done in a professional way |
| authentic | real and not a copy |
| decorative | intended to look attractive rather than being of practical use |
| symbolic | consisting of or employing symbols |
| auction house | a company in the business of selling items at auction |
| bronze | a statue or any other artwork made of bronze |
| ceramic | an object such as a pot, bowl, etc. that is made by heating clay |
| canvas | an oil painting done on a canvas |
| mural | a large painting done on a wall |
| oil painting | the art or technique of painting with oil paint |
| silhouette | a drawing that depicts the outline of someone or something that is in a single black colour and against a light background, often from the side |
| still life | a painting or drawing, representing objects that do not move, such as flowers, glassware, etc.; an artwork created using this method |
| a picture or design created by pressing an engraved surface onto a paper or any other surface | |
| depth | the characteristic that gives an artwork or picture a three-dimensional aspect |
| finish | the last layer that is put on the surface of something as a way of protection or decoration or the substance that does this |
| harmony | a pleasing combination of things in a way that forms a coherent whole |
| patron | an individual who financially supports an artist, charity, cause, etc. |
| sculptor | someone who makes works of art by carving or shaping wood, clay, metal, etc. into different forms |
| palette | a thin oval board that a painter uses to mix colours and hold pigments on, with a hole for the thumb to go through |
| reproduction | the act or process of making a copy of an artistic or literary piece, a document, etc. |
| restoration | the act of repairing something such as an artwork, building, etc. to be in its original state |
| viewpoint | a certain way of thinking about a subject |
| watercolour | a painting that is created using paints that are water-soluble |
| impressionism | a movement in painting originated in 19th-century France that uses light and colour in a way that gives an impression rather than a detailed representation of the subject |
| modernism | a style or movement in art, literature, and architecture developed at the beginning of the 20th century that greatly differs from ones that are traditional |
| realism | a literary or artistic style that gives a lifelike representation of people, events, and objects |
| surrealism | a 20th-century style of art and literature in which unrelated events or images are combined in an unusual way to represent the experiences of the mind |
| to carve | to shape or create by cutting or sculpting, often using tools or a sharp instrument |
| to mold | to give a soft substance a particular shape or form by placing it into a mold or pressing it |
| to pose | to maintain a specific posture in order to be photographed or painted |
| to shade | to darken part of a picture or drawing using pencils, etc. |
| SPORTS | |
|---|---|
| an athletics meeting | an event where various athletics sports are held |
| an athletics track | a running track |
| an away game | a football match played in the opposing teams stadium |
| a brisk walk | a fast walk |
| football fan | someone who likes football |
| to set a record | to achieve the best result in a sport |
| strenuous exercise | exercise that needs a lot of physical effort |
| a home game | a football match played in the teams own stadium |
| commit a foul | break the rules of the game |
| defense | the action of preventing an opponent from scoring. |
| dribble | the act of moving the ball along with you by short kicks, bounces or hits in a game of football, basketball etc |
| striker | a player who mainly attacks and scores goals, rather than defends |
| penalty area | in football, the penalty area is the rectangular area in front of the goal. |
| centre circle | the circle marked at the centre of a playing surface (as in basketball, hockey, lacrosse, or soccer) where a centre jump, face-off, or kickoff takes place |
| boundaries | limits of the playing field that the players must stay within |
| serve | the act of hitting the ball to the other player or team to start play |
| passing the ball | an intentional transfer of the ball from one player to another of the same team |
| gain control | take over or win the ball, lead |
| bounce | bouncing describes the ball moving, rapidly up, back, or away after hitting the surface |
| hurdling | the act of jumping over an obstacle at a high speed or in a sprint. |
| durability | time of onset and magnitude of deterioration in physiological-profiling characteristics over time during prolonged exercise |
| amateur | amateur sports or activities are done by people as a hobby and not as a job |
| to cheer on | praise or encourage a player or competitor with shouts |
| umpire | a person who controls play and makes sure that players act according to the rules in a sports event |
| sports memorabilia | collectables associated with sports |
| personal best | to achieve the best personal result so far in a sport |
| trophy | object such as a silver cup or plate that someone receives as a prize for winning a competition |
| HEALTH | |
|---|---|
| antiseptic | a substance that prevents infection when applied to a wound, especially by killing bacteria |
| abortion | the intentional ending of a pregnancy, often done during the early stages |
| anaesthetic | a type of drug that makes the whole or part of the body unable to feel pain when administered |
| blood type | any of the types into which human blood is divided |
| thermometer | a device used to measure a person’s body temperature to assess for fever or abnormal temperature using various methods like oral, ear, armpit, or forehead readings |
| crutch | one of a pair of sticks that people with movement difficulties put under their arms to help them walk or stand |
| healing | the process of making or becoming healthy once more |
| hospitalization | the fact of being placed in a hospital for medical treatment |
| informed consent | permission given by a patient to receive a particular treatment, informed of all the possible consequences and risks |
| injection | the action of putting a drug into a person’s body using a syringe |
| placebo | a medicine without any physiological effect that is given to a control group in an experiment to measure the effectiveness of a new drug or to patients who think they need medicine when in reality they do not |
| remedy | a treatment or medicine for a disease or to reduce pain that is not severe |
| specimen | a small amount of something such as urine, blood, etc. that is taken for examination |
| nose job | a surgical procedure performed on someone’s nose that changes its appearance to make it look more attractive |
| physician | a medical doctor who specializes in general medicine, not in surgery |
| caregiver | someone who looks after a child or an old, sick, or disabled person at home |
| to administer | to give someone medicines, drugs, etc. |
| to cleanse | to completely clean something, particularly the skin |
| to diagnose | to find out the cause of a problem or what disease a person has by examining the symptoms |
| to vaccinate | to protect a person or an animal against a disease by giving them a vaccine |
| to admit | (of a hospital) to take in a patient so that they can receive treatment |
| to discharge | (of a wound or body part) to slowly release an infectious liquid, called pus |
| to immunize | to protect an animal or a person from a disease by vaccination |
| to stitch | to join the edges of a wound together by a thread and needle |
| to revive | to make a person become conscious again |
| to soothe | to reduce the severity of a pain |
| dumb | unable to speak |
| pharmaceutical | related to the production, use, or sale of medicines |
| deaf | partly or completely unable to hear |
| hygiene | the steps one takes to promote health and avoid disease, particularly by cleaning things or being clean |
| to glow | (of a person’s face) to look lively and healthy, specifically as a result of training and exercising |
| blues | a temporary state of feeling severe sadness and dejection |
| sighted | capable of seeing unlike a blind person |
| restrict | put a limit to |
| terminally ill | an illness or condition which can’t be cured and is likely to lead to someone’s death |
| Hospital Ward | a ward is a room in a hospital which has beds for many people, often people who need similar treatment. |
| injure | hurt |
| SOCIAL ISSUES | |
|---|---|
| run-down areas | used to describe a building or area that is in poor condition |
| illiteracy | the inability to read or write. |
| political asylum | the protection granted by a state to someone who has left their home country as a political refugee. |
| labour migration | Movement of persons from one state to another, or within their own country of residence, for the purpose of employment |
| homeless people | people who do not have a home, usually because they are poor |
| poverty | the state of being very poor |
| to make a plea | a serious and emotional request for something |
| to be in desperate need | in distress and having a great need or desire. moved by or showing despair or hopelessness; despairing. |
| to breed crime | refer to a situation that encourages criminal activity |
| public disorder | any behaviour in a public place which is likely to cause or intends to cause harassment, alarm or distress |
| vigilant | keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties |
| voluntary | done, given, or acting of one’s own free will |
| unfit for human habitation | any dwelling found to be unsafe or unhealthy for people to live in |
| affordable housing | houses, flats, etc. that can be bought or rented by people who do not earn a lot of money |
| urgent short-term measures | a temporary way to deal with a problem or situation |
| permitted | officially allow (someone) to do something |
| draconian measures | laws or rules that are really harsh and repressive |
| charitable projects | the help, money, etc., given to the needy |
| street children | poor or homeless children who live on the streets of a city, town, or village |
| deprived children | a child who lacks proper parental care or control, subsistence, education, or other care and control for their physical, mental, or emotional well-being |
| deep poverty | the state of being extremely poor |
| poverty line | the estimated minimum level of income needed to secure the necessities of life |
| force for change | major sources of social change include population growth and composition, culture and technology, the natural environment, and social conflict. |
| to incite violence | when someone encourages people to behave aggressively or illegally |
| natural disasters | a natural event such as a flood, earthquake, or hurricane that causes great damage or loss of life |
| poor sanitary conditions | a serious threat to the health of men, women and children living in these communities. |
| famine | extreme scarcity of food |
| to claim benefits | to request payment for money from a government department or company |
| destitute people | people without money, food, a home, or possessions |
| poverty alleviation | aims to improve the quality of life for those people currently living in poverty |
| margin of society | those people who live outside of socially accepted norms |
| penury | the state of being very poor; extreme poverty |
| irreversible damage | not possible to change; impossible to return to |
| life expectancy | the average period that a person may expect to live |
| force for good | action inspired by a genuine concern for others |
| low-income families | families whose incomes do not exceed eighty percent of the median income for the area |
| to sleep rough | sleep in uncomfortable conditions, typically outdoors |
| the social fabric | the relationships and connections we make with one another; making us all a part of the common thread of society as a whole |
| asylum seeker | a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another |
| riots erupt | an occasion when a large number of people behave in a noisy, violent, and uncontrolled way in public, often as a protest |
| social exclusion | a situation where not everyone has equal access to the opportunities and services |
| antisocial behaviour | behaviour that causes nuisance, annoyance or distress in society |
| to live below the breadline | means living at a low standard, having an income at which one is considered poor |
| to live from hand to mouth | when you spend all the money you earn on basic needs such as food and do not have anything left |
| WORK | |
|---|---|
| to ace | to perform extremely well in something, especially a test |
| to appoint | to give a responsibility or job to someone |
| to collaborate | to work with someone else in order to create something or reach the same goal |
| to commence | to start something or to start happening |
| to follow up | to discover more about something |
| to multitask | to simultaneously do more than one thing |
| to postpone | to arrange or put off an activity or an event for a later time than its original schedule |
| to recruit | to employ people for a company, etc. |
| to resign | to officially announce one’s departure from a job, position, etc. |
| hectic | busy and full of activity |
| intensive | (in business) concentrating on or using something a lot, such as equipment, etc. |
| monotonous | boring because of being the same thing all the time |
| one-on-one | (of an activity) between only two people |
| rewarding | (of an activity) making one feel satisfied by giving one a desirable outcome |
| stimulating | causing excitement |
| tedious | continuing for too long and boring |
| underemployed | (of a person) not having much work to do in their job or being unable to use their full potential |
| boardroom | a room where the board of directors meet |
| internship | the period during which a student or recent graduate starts working somewhere specific, sometimes without receiving any money, in order to meet some requirements to qualify for something or to gain work-relate |
| vacancy | a position or job that is available |
| co-worker | someone who works with someone else has the same job |
| supervisor | someone who observes or directs a person or an activity |
| amateur | someone who is not skilled or experienced enough for a specific activity |
| interviewee | someone who answers the questions during an interview |
| sick leave | a specific period of time granted to a person who is ill to temporarily leave work |
| maternity leave | a period of time when a woman can take a break from working and stay home before and after the birth of her child |
| multitasking | (of people) the ability to perform more than one task simultaneously |
| labour | work, particularly difficult physical work |
| discrimination | the practice of treating a person or different categories of people less fairly than others |
| pension | a monthly payment that a retired person receives from the government or a private company, for which they used to work |
| reference | a letter written by a former employer about a former employee who has applied for a new job, giving information about them |
| schedule | a plan of all objectives and their specific time to be carried out by someone |
| workforce | all the individuals who work in a particular company, industry, country, etc. |
| workload | the amount of work that a person or organization has to do |
| notice | a formal statement or letter declaring that one intends to end an agreement, especially an employment or residential contract |
| increment | an increase in someone’s salary that happens at regular intervals |
| professional courtesy | free service that people of the same profession provide for each other, especially common among physicians |
| BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS | |
|---|---|
| acquisition | the act of buying or obtaining something, especially something that is valuable |
| MBA | a second university degree in business management |
| associate | a member of an organization with limited membership |
| retailer | a store, person, or business that sells goods to the public for their own use, not for resale |
| commodity | (economics) a basic product or raw material that can be purchased or sold |
| merchandise | goods offered for sale or the ones bought or sold |
| cooperative | an organization or business that is jointly owned and run by its members |
| audit | a formal inspection of a business’s financial records to see if they are correct and accurate or not |
| deficit | the difference between the needed amount that is higher than the amount that is available, especially money |
| expenditure | the act of using money |
| invoice | a list of goods or services received and their total cost |
| margin | (business) the difference between the amount of money spent to buy or produce something and the amount of money gained from its sale |
| turnover | the overall amount of profit made by a business or company over a specific period of time |
| yield | an amount of profit gained from an investment or business |
| enterprise | a company or business |
| franchise | a permission granted to a person or group by a government or company that enables them to sell their services or products in a specific area |
| start-up | a business or company that has just begun operation |
| Ltd | used after the name of a company to indicate that its owners are not legally responsible for all the money that the company owes but only for the amount they have invested in it |
| venture | a business activity that is mostly very risky |
| net | final amount after the deduction of all costs |
| cooperative | involving the partnership of a group of people working toward a common goal |
| incorporated | having become a legal business company |
| managerial | related to managers and their work |
| profitable | (of a business) making or yielding profit |
| to administer | to be responsible for a company, organization, etc. and manage its affairs, including financial matters |
| to close | to finalize a business deal |
| to endorse | to publicly state that one supports or approves of someone or something |
| to merge | to join together or make things do so |
| to publicize | to draw the public’s attention to something by giving information about it as an act of advertisem*nt |
| to take over | to take control of a company or business, particularly by buying more shares |
| patent | a formal document that gives someone the right to be the only one who makes, uses, or sells an invention or product for a limited amount of time |
| pr | the work of creating a good image of a person, product, or company among people |
| shipping | the act of transporting goods, particularly by sea |
| operational | related to the way in which a business, organization, machine, etc. functions |
| PSYCHOLOGY | |
|---|---|
| stamina | the mental or physical strength that makes one continue doing something hard for a long time |
| trauma | a medical condition of the mind caused by extreme shock, which could last for a very long time |
| breakdown | a condition in which a person becomes so anxious or depressed that they can no longer handle their everyday life |
| amnesia | the loss of memories, including facts, information and experiences |
| anxiety | a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome |
| neurosis | a mental condition that is not caused by organic disease, involving symptoms of stress (depression, anxiety, obsessive behaviour, hypochondria) but not a radical loss of touch with reality |
| human behaviour | the potential and expressed capacity for physical, mental, and social activity throughout human life |
| ready-made personality | prepared mentally or physically for some experience or action |
| personality assessment | the measurement of personal characteristics |
| semantic memory | a type of long-term memory involving the capacity to recall words, concepts, or numbers |
| hypocritical | behaving in a way that suggests one has higher standards or more noble beliefs than is the case. |
| lenient | more merciful or tolerant than expected |
| narrow-minded | not willing to listen to or tolerate other people’s views |
| patronising | treat in a way that is apparently kind or helpful but that betrays a feeling of superiority. |
| pushy | excessivelyor unpleasantlyself-assertiveor ambitious. |
| vindictive | having or showing a strong or unreasoning desire for revenge |
| self-consciousness | undue awareness of oneself, one’s appearance, or one’s actions |
| self-centred | preoccupied with oneself and one’s affairs |
| bad-tempered | easily annoyed or made angry. |
| bundle of nerves | someone who is extremely anxious or tense |
| boisterous | noisy, energetic, and cheerful. |
| humiliating | the embarrassment and shame you feel when someone makes you appear stupid, or when you make a mistake in public |
| self-pitying | sadness for yourself because you think you have a lot of problems or have suffered a lot |
| anxiety disorders | a type of mental health condition, psychological problems |
| a stimulus/stimuli | a thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue. |
| inherit traits | the traits or characteristics that are transferred from parents to the offspring, genetically |
| conformity | when people change their beliefs, attitudes or actions to more closely match those held by groups to which they belong or want to belong |
| mindset | the established set of attitudes held by someone |
| obedience | compliance with an order, request, or law or submission to another’s authority |
| peer group | a group of people of approximately the same age, status, and interests |
| self-esteem | confidence in one’s own worth or abilities; self-respect |
| self-image | is how you perceive yourself |
| INVENTIONS | |
|---|---|
| indispensable | absolutely necessary |
| harness the power | use the maximum of something |
| ingenuity gap | the disparity between the technical knowledge and expertise needed to solve environmental, social, and behavioural problems |
| necessity | the state or fact of being required |
| blueprint | a design plan or other technical drawing |
| feasible | possible to do easily or conveniently |
| artisan | a worker in a skilled trade, especially one that involves making things by hand |
| breakthrough | an important invention or discovery that can help deal with a problem or improve something |
| cutting edge | the most advanced stage in the development of something |
| state-of-the-art | the most modern of its type |
| obsolete | no longer in use or valid |
| perpetual motion | a state in which movement or action is or appears to be continuous and unceasing |
| radiation | the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles which cause ionization. |
| pendulum clock | a clock that uses a pendulum, a swinging weight, as its timekeeping element |
| padlock | a detachable lock hanging by a pivoted hook on the object fastened |
| light bulb | a glass or transparent container, usually rounded, with something inside that produces light |
| electric current | a flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space |
| steam engine | an engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power |
| the industrial revolution | a period of global transition of the human economy towards more efficient |
| to carry information | the action of taking information to a certain place or person |
| binoculars | an optical instrument with a lens for each eye, used for viewing distant objects |
| lens | a curved piece of glass, plastic, or other transparent material, used in cameras, glasses |
| touch screen | a display device which allows the user to interact with a computer by touching areas on the screen |
| discover a cure for sth | invent a medicine |
| genetically modified foods | foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering |
| to emerge | become apparent or prominent |
| to simplify | make (something) simpler or easier to do or understand |
| case | a container or box for storing something in |
| hard drive | an internal or external computer component that stores data, such as the operating system, applications, and user files |
| motherboard | a computer’s central communications backbone connectivity point |
C1 Advanced (CAE): Vocabulary List – Download PDF
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